🟪 1-Minute Summary

Ridge Regression adds L2 penalty (sum of squared coefficients) to linear regression. Shrinks all coefficients toward zero but never exactly zero. Good for multicollinearity. Hyperparameter α controls strength (higher α = more regularization). Must scale features first. Reduces variance at cost of slight bias. Use when you want to keep all features but reduce overfitting.


🟦 Core Notes (Must-Know)

How Ridge Works

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Formula

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Hyperparameter α (alpha)

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When to Use Ridge

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Ridge vs Linear Regression

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🟨 Interview Triggers (What Interviewers Actually Test)

Common Interview Questions

  1. “Explain Ridge Regression”

    • [Answer: Linear regression + L2 penalty on coefficients]
  2. “Why does Ridge help with multicollinearity?”

    • [Answer: Shrinks correlated coefficients, stabilizes estimates]
  3. “Can Ridge set coefficients to zero?”

    • [Answer: No, only shrinks toward zero (unlike Lasso)]

🟥 Common Mistakes (Traps to Avoid)

Mistake 1: Not scaling features

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Mistake 2: Using Ridge for feature selection

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🟩 Mini Example (Quick Application)

Scenario

[Regularize linear regression with multicollinearity]

Solution

from sklearn.linear_model import Ridge
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler

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